Аннотация
The article presents an analysis of the inscriptions on cylinder seals from the times of I-III dynasties (13 examples) and IV-V dynasties (about 30 examples), where the term hr(jt)-e is used in the meaning of «certified» or «(somebody) authenticates». This term is adopted from everyday vocabulary in the archaic period. It's the oldest bureaucratic term, used for confirmation of economical transaction. The notion hr(jw)-e «visa, control mark» and its derivatives disappear from the texts not earlier than the reign of the king Jzzj.
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